This dictionary notes that it was possible the English version of the word and the Russian-language version developed independently in parallel to each other-out of ongoing frustration related to the spread of propaganda before World War II. The 1991 edition of The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories defines disinformation as a probable translation of the Russian dezinformatsiya. The term was used in 1939, related to a "German Disinformation Service". The 2003 encyclopedia Propaganda and Mass Persuasion states that disinformation came from dezinformatsia, a term used by the Russian black propaganda unit known as Service A that referred to active measures. Active measures were a crucial part of Soviet intelligence strategy involving forgery as covert operation, subversion, and media manipulation. From this point on, disinformation became a tactic used in the Soviet political warfare called active measures. William Safire wrote in his 1993 book, Quoth the Maven, that disinformation was used by the KGB predecessor to indicate: "manipulation of a nation's intelligence system through the injection of credible, but misleading data". The GPU was the first organization in the Soviet Union to use the term disinformation for their intelligence tactics. Use of the term related to a Russian tactical weapon started in 1923, when the deputy chairman of the KGB-precursor the State Political Directorate (GPU), Józef Unszlicht, called for the foundation of "a special disinformation office to conduct active intelligence operations". Use of these tactics can lead to blowback, however, causing such unintended consequences such as defamation lawsuits or damage to the dis-informer's reputation. Disinformation may include distribution of forged documents, manuscripts, and photographs, or spreading dangerous rumours and fabricated intelligence. Most recently, disinformation has been deliberately spread through social media in the form of " fake news", disinformation masked as legitimate news articles and meant to mislead readers or viewers. Front groups are a form of disinformation, as they mislead the public about their true objectives and who their controllers are. The tactic has been used throughout history, being deployed during the long Roman-Persian Wars, at the Battle of Mount Gindarus, the Battle of Telephis–Ollaria, and Heraclius assault on Persia, for instance.ĭisinformation is primarily carried out by government intelligence agencies, but has also been used by non-governmental organizations and businesses. Misinformation can be used to create disinformation when known misinformation is purposefully and intentionally disseminated. The press, on the radio, etc.) of false reports intended to mislead public opinion.” Where misinformation refers to inaccuracies that stem from error, disinformation is a deliberate falsehood promulgated by design. The English word disinformation is a translation of the Russian дезинформация, transliterated as dezinformatsiya, which Soviet planners in the 1950s defined as “dissemination (in 6.2 Strategies for spreading disinformation.6.1 Consequences of exposure to disinformation online.4.3 Russian Institute for Strategic Studies.4.1 Social media platforms and the internet.4 Russian disinformation in the post-Soviet era.
did not actively counter disinformation until 1980, when a fake document reported that the U.S. Operation INFEKTION was a Soviet disinformation campaign to influence opinion that the U.S. Disinformation was defined in Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1952) as "false information with the intention to deceive public opinion". Russian use began with a "special disinformation office" in 1923. Defector Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed Joseph Stalin coined the term, giving it a French-sounding name to claim it had a Western origin. Some consider it a loan translation of the Russian dezinformatsiya, derived from the title of a KGB black propaganda department. The rarely used word had appeared with this usage in print at least as far back as 1887. The English word disinformation comes from the application of the Latin prefix dis- to information making the meaning "reversal or removal of information". It is sometimes confused with misinformation, which is false information but is not deliberate. Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people.
0 kommentar(er)
